Manuscript Preparation

General format

Prepare the manuscript in clear academic English using a readable standard font. Use continuous page numbering and line numbering where possible. Avoid unnecessary formatting that complicates copyediting.

Title page

Include the full title, running title, each author’s name and affiliation, corresponding author details and ORCID identifiers where available.

Main text

Use informative headings appropriate to the article type. Define abbreviations at first use and use SI units where applicable.

Declarations

Place funding, conflicts, author contributions, data availability and acknowledgments before the reference list.